TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Executive Summary: What This Report Is About 

Preface: Who Should Read This Report 

Introduction 

I. Impacts of Coal Mining: An Overview 

II. Wetlands In Southwestern Pennsylvania 

III. Environmental Protection In Pennsylvania 
               Pennsylvania Wetland Regulation  
               Delegation of Chapter 105 Responsibilities to BMR 

IV. Longwall Coal Mining in Pennsylvania 
            Longwall Mining Effects on Surface Water Resources
            Wetland Creation by Subsidence
            Wetland Creation for Impact Mitigation

V. Wetland Protection in the Regulations 
            What the Regulations Require 

VI. Wetland Protection in the Underground Mine Permit Application 

      Module 1: Application 

      Module 2: General Information 

      Module 3: Ownership/Compliance  

      Module 4: Areas Where Mining Is Restricted 

      Module 5: Property Interests 

      Module 6: Operation Plan 

      Module 7: Geologic Information 

      Module 8: Hydrology 

      Module 9: Waste Disposal and Sewage 

      Module 10: Surface Activity Site Maps 

      Module 11: Land Use, Vegetation, Farmlands 

      Module 12: Erosion and Sediment Controls 

      Module 13: Wastewater Treatment Systems 

      Module 14: Streams and Wetlands 37

      Module 15: Mine Openings 

      Module 16: Impoundments 

      Module 17: Air Pollution and Noise Control 

      Module 18: Subsidence Control 

      Module 19: Underground Mine Plan Maps 

      Module 20: Reclamation Plan 

      Module 21: Reclamation Cost Estimates 

      Module 22: Underground Disposal/Backstowing 

      Module 23: In-Situ Processing 

      Module 24: Impact Statement for High Quality Waters  
        
      Appendix A: Permit Transfer  
      Permit Revisions and Renewals  
      Applications for Related Mining Facilities 
      Review and Comment by Other Agencies and the Public  
      Permit Approvals  
      Proposed Underground Mine Application Form 
      Section VI Summary 

VII. General Summary And Conclusions 

VIII. Opportunities For Change 

IX. Recommendations 

      Authorship and Acknowledgments  

     References 

Appendix A. Memoranda of Understanding 
Bureau of Dams - 1-2-3  PA Game Commission - 1-2-3-4-5  |  PA Fish & Boat Commission  - 1-2-3-4-5


List of Figures and Tables  

Figures

Frontispiece. Ponded streams and dried-up springs 

1. Rolling landscape of southwestern PA 

2. Wet meadow near Khedive 

3. Herbaceous wetland near coal refuse pile 

4. NWI wetlands in southwestern PA 

5. Typical sweetflag wetland 

6. PADEP administrative offices 

7. Coalfields in Pennsylvania 

8. Stratigraphic section showing principal coal seams 

9. Typical longwall and room-and-pillar mine layout 

10. Coal production in Pennsylvania 

11. Schematic cross-sections of longwall mines 

12. Longwall mines and urban areas in Pennsylvania 

13. Diagrams showing mine subsidence 

14. Water buffaloes 

15. Subsidence damage to I-70 

16. Subsidence damage to structures 

17. Photos of coal waste piles 

18. Subsidence ponding of wetlands 

19. Subsided streambed with pasture drain 

20. Ownership pattern 

21. Spring and spring-fed wetlands 

22. Valley fill slurry impoundment 

23. Coal preparation plant 

24. Module 19 map showing wetlands at Emerald No. 1 

25. Unnamed stream 

26. Railroad subsidence 

27. Module 19 map showing mining beneath streams 

28. Module 19 map showing absence of wetlands 

29. Preparation plant on Enlow Fork 

30. Longwall mine portal 

31. Typical valley wetlands 

32. Coal use trends in the United States 

Table

1. Longwall mines in Pennsylvania 

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